alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor br Conclusions Momordica spe

Conclusions Momordica species may be considered as a nutritious vegetable and can play a role in health improving attributes of their wide range of functional components. The green fruits, alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor and stems were rich sources of triterpenoids, carotenoids, phenolics that could potentially be used as antioxidants in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Compare to the known common variety, the wild species offers more potential phytoconstituents for improving the human health. The regular consumption of these wild bitter gourds associated with the reduced risk of several chronic diseases mainly diabetes for cost effective treatment for rural communities. The health promoting properties of common cultivated variety have been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo studies. However, studies on wild species remain sparse. Finally, the review undertaken here generated many suggestions concerning the nutritional value, bioactive components, medicinal, nutraceutical and functional food properties of these plant resources may serve as a foundation for future investigations/interventions.
Acknowledgment
It is estimated that there are 200 million patients with osteoporosis in the world, and that over 10 billion dollars have been expended on the medicines used for therapeutic treatment of osteoporosis. Milk has long been regarded as a good stimulator for bone growth and development. In addition to containing rich calcium (Ca), other functional components and multiple biologically active polypeptides from bovine milk protein also play important roles. In 1985, Snow Brand Milk Products Co., Ltd. in Japan firstly reported the role of milk basic proteins in prevention of bone loss. Since then, a growing number of fundamental researches on the relationships between the bioactive milk proteins and osteoporosis have increasingly drawn widespread attentions. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of bioactive proteins that were firstly isolated from the extract of bone matrix by Urist in 1965 . Cell proliferation, differentiation and matrix biosynthesis during reconstruction process of human bone are coordinately regulated by multiple growth factors, among which, BMPs, as the important inducing factors during embryonic development, are the most closely related to osteoinduction. As of to date, BMPs are a group of the most well studied functional proteins that can be used to postpone or therapeutic treatment of osteoporosis, which have provided important references for a large number of researchers to explore the similar mechanisms of bioactive proteins from the milk. General outline of BMPs family
Molecular characteristics of BMPs family members and their roles in osteogenesis It has been demonstrated that BMP-2, BMP-6 and BMP-9 are the most potent BMP proteins involved in the induction of the differentiation of osteogenic stem cells into osteoblasts. BMP-9 acts during the entire process of the induced differentiation (Fig. 2) [16].
Functional interactions among BMPs family members in osteogenesis
Inspiration of the studies on BMPs for exploration of food-derived bioactive proteins (peptides) The high mobility group (HMG) proteins and Kininogen1/2 in milk can stimulate the proliferation of osteoplasts. Cysteine protease inhibitors C (Cystatin C) and angiogenin can inhibit the bone absorption caused by osteoclasts [67,68]. Milk osteopontin (OPN) plays important roles in bone metabolism [69]. It interacts with integrin αvβ3 receptor via its specific conserved Arg-Gly-Asp sequence motif and plays important role in regulation of the proliferation and differentiation and their activities of osteoclast and osteoplasts [70,71]. It has been reported that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), recombinant human transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), etc. possess osteogenesis-stimulating activities. Lactoferrin is currently the most frequently reported bioactive peptide. Especially, the newest finding on its osteogenesis-stimulating activities has drawn increasingly attentions.